lundi 30 mai 2016

Tipaza, Amar Adjili, un bénévole écolo



Amar Adjili. Bénévole écolo
(Un très bel article d'El Watan sur ces citoyens Algériens qui luttent contre la pollution. On ne peut réussir en agriculture sans une lutte contre ce fléau [risque de métaux lourds, nitrates et pesticides dans les nappes phréatiques]. Ce que fait ce citoyen algérien est à la portée de tous. Chacun peut installer dans son jardin, sa cours, sa terrasse ou en pied d'immeubles un bac à compost de biodéchets. D BELAID).

Je continuerai à nettoyer les plages jusqu’à ce que la pollution s’arrête




le 27.05.16 El Watan


L’Algérie vue du ciel, ce n’est pas l’Algérie vue d’en bas. Que doit-on répondre ensuite aux touristes qui viennent, attirés par le documentaire de Yann Arthus Bertrand ?

Seul, Amar Adjili a nettoyé les plages de Chenoua pendant près de deux mois en ramassant les déchets. Après la publication d’une vidéo où il montre la dégradation du complexe touristique de Matarès, il a été agressé et intimidé.

- Pourquoi avez-vous décidé de nettoyer les plages de Chenoua (Tipasa) ?

J’avais l’habitude de nettoyer les sites naturels, quels qu’ils soient, et dans ma voiture j’ai toujours des sacs poubelle. Au mois d’avril 2015, je suis allé sur la plage de Chenoua avec mon frère et mon neveu de 4 ans. Il y avait des ordures tout autour de nous et mon neveu m’a demandé : «pourquoi c’est sale ?». Je n’ai pas su quoi lui répondre. Je pensais que quelque chose allait être fait parce que nous étions sur une plage. Un an plus tard, je suis de retour sur cette plage et c’est encore plus sale. Face à mon étonnement, les habitants de Tipasa me répondaient : «c’est comme ça».

Un matin, j’ai croisé deux touristes sur la plage qui m’ont demandé pour quelle raison le littoral était si pollué, je n’ai pas su quoi répondre. L’Algérie vue du ciel, ce n’est pas l’Algérie vue d’en bas. Je suis très en colère contre Yann Arthus Bertrand, qui ne descend pas de son avion. Ce documentaire sur l’Algérie était fait pour favoriser le tourisme. Que doit-on répondre ensuite aux touristes qui viennent, attirés par ce reportage ?


- Comment avez-vous commencé ?

J’ai commencé par acheter des gants et des sacs en plastique, puis je suis parti du site des ruines de Tipasa, en me dirigeant vers le Grand bleu. Au bout de 20 jours, des personnes présentes sur la plage venaient me dire : «C’est bien ce que vous faites», mais personne ne venait m’aider. Un jour, près de Chenoua, j’ai trouvé un petit bout de plage propre. Là, j’ai rencontré Ratiba, une dame formidable, qui m’a proposé de m’aider tous les jours et qui m’a invité à prendre mes repas chez elle. Au bout de 3 semaines, j’ai commencé à raconter ce que je faisais sur Facebook. Je voyais que mes amis réagissaient.

Le bouche à oreille a fonctionné et le nombre de mes contacts sur Facebook a explosé. J’ai reçu de nombreux encouragements. J’espérais alors que le déclic allait arriver, que les gens viendraient et qu’on pourrait arrêter la pollution dans le pays. A ce moment-là, pendant les week-ends, d’autres personnes m’ont rejoint pour ramasser les déchets grâce à l’organisation sur les réseaux sociaux. Si on est plus nombreux, c’est bien.


- Quels types de déchets avez-vous trouvés sur ces plages ?

J’ai ramassé des emballages qui dataient de 2008. Il y a beaucoup de déchets ménagers, des bouteilles et des sacs en plastique, des bouchons, des assiettes en plastique dégradées qui sont prises dans les algues, mais aussi des hameçons, des piles électriques, des boîtes de conserve et du fil de nylon utilisé par les pêcheurs. Un jour, au bord de l’eau, j’ai ramassé un sac avec deux poissons vivants coincés à l’intérieur. Il y a régulièrement des pièces automobiles, de l’huile de vidange, mais aussi des couches pour bébés enfouies dans le sable. Ces couches décomposées contiennent un gel qui doit être très polluant, voire cancérigène.

J’ai trouvé des sous-vêtements, des tables de camping. Un week-end, alors que nous ramassions les ordures, un camion est arrivé près du Grand Bleu et s’apprêtait à déposer un tas de gravats sur la plage. Il y a des polluants, mais aussi du béton et de la céramique. Quand je l’ai vu, j’ai crié et il m’a répondu : «Laisse-moi tranquille !» Lorsque je lui ai dit que j’allais appeler la police et que je l’ai pris en photo avec mon téléphone, il est parti en courant.


- Pourquoi avez-vous décidé de filmer les ordures à l’intérieur du complexe touristique de Matarès ?

Je suis entré dans ce complexe parce que j’ai trouvé des rats morts sur la plage, juste à la hauteur du bâtiment. A l’intérieur de ce dernier, j’ai constaté qu’il y avait des rats vivants. On ne peut pas accepter ça alors que des enfants se baignent dans cette plage. J’ai filmé les ordures en décomposition entassées là dans des sacs. A mon avis, c’est la société de nettoyage qui a laissé ces sacs dans le complexe au lieu de les emmener à la déchetterie. Ces ordures ne sont pas le fait de gens qui squattent.

- Il y a une semaine, après la publication de votre vidéo, vous avez été agressé par des vigiles du complexe. Que s’est-il passé ?

Vendredi dernier, nous étions neuf personnes à ramasser les déchets sur la plage de Matarès. Un vigile est arrivé pour me proposer des sacs poubelles supplémentaires et m’annoncer que le lendemain il viendrait avec «une super équipe» pour nous aider. Le lendemain, il y avait effectivement beaucoup de monde sur la plage pour nettoyer.

Alors que je m’apprêtais à faire une photo dans le complexe de Matarès, je vois un groupe s’approcher de moi, c’étaient des gens bien habillés qui se sont présentés comme étant des responsables et qui m’ont lancé : «Vous devez quitter les lieux, cette plage est privée, vous n’avez rien à faire ici.» Ils avaient brûlé le tas d’ordures qu’on avait ramassé la veille. Mais ce n’est pas comme ça qu’on fait ! Brûler, ça pollue les sols et ça pollue l’air. Quand je leur ai dit cela, ils se sont énervés et l’un d’entre eux m’a dit : «Dégagez ! Donnez-moi votre téléphone, vous avez fait des photos !»

Les responsables sont partis et les vigiles se sont occupés de moi. Ils étaient une vingtaine. J’ai été plaqué contre un mur, puis au sol et ils ont essayé de m’arracher mon téléphone portable. Ils ont fini par casser ma carte mémoire. Je ne comprends pas pourquoi ils en sont arrivés là. Ils m’ont agressé pour une action écologique. Lorsque j’ai été porter plainte, les gendarmes m’ont dit : «Laissez tomber, oubliez. Vous n’aviez rien à faire là-bas.» J’ai insisté malgré tout.


- Est-ce que vous allez continuer à nettoyer ?

L’Algérie est toujours polluée. Je continuerai jusqu’à ce que la pollution s’arrête. Cependant, la plus grosse pollution, ce sont les gros sacs d’ordures et les bouteilles. Il faudrait que des véhicules les ramassent. Ensuite, d’autres véhicules spécialisés pourraient tamiser le sable, ce qui permettrait de récupérer les micro-déchets. J’aimerais que tout le monde prenne conscience de cette pollution et qu’il y ait une loi très stricte qui instaure une amende contre les pollueurs. Je ne comprends toujours pas pourquoi malgré le nombre important d’associations qui s’occupent de l’environnement aucune d’entre elles ne nous ait rejoint pour nous aider.

Sur Facebook, j’ai reçu de nombreux messages d’encouragement. Je remercie toutes ces personnes, cela m’a renforcé dans l’idée qu’il fallait continuer. Mais sur la route d’Alger, il y a une dizaine de jours, j’ai vu un homme lancer un sac d’ordures par la fenêtre de sa voiture. Je lui ai dit : «La nature n’est pas une poubelle». Voilà ce qu’il m’a répondu : «Mais l’Algérie, c’est une poubelle !»


Amar Adjili.

Amar Adjili, 48 ans, est né en France, à Trévoux. Sa famille est originaire de M’sila. Il a travaillé pendant 30 ans dans la construction comme maçon. Un accident lui a fracturé la colonne vertébrale et l’a immobilisé pendant plus d’un an.

Aujourd’hui installé avec ses frères à Tipasa, il cherche à se lancer dans la construction écologique en terre et en bois. Il a commencé à ramasser les ordures sur les plages de Chenoua à la fin du mois de mars.
Beratto Leïla

mercredi 25 mai 2016

PRODUCTION DE FOURRAGES EN STEPPE. إنتاج الأعلاف في السهوب


Effective Mechanized Rainwater Harvesting: Coping with climate change implications in the Jordanian Badia
Scie n c e IMPACTS. Success Stories
The Challenge: Climate change has led to diminished rainfall and increasedtemperatures in Jordan, one of the ten most water stressed countriesin the world. Severe water shortage and excessive grazing has led to
a major loss of biodiversity, soil erosion and land degradation. Thus,controlling land degradation and promoting vegetation growth iscrucial to reduce the pressure on rangelands and provide sources offeed for sheep and goats that are most critical to livelihoods in therural communities of the Jordanian Badia (dry rangelands).


Research on micro-catchment rainwater harvesting techniques by ICARDA and Jordanian
scientists has led to the establishment of semicircular bunds on contour ridges and furrows
(using GPS laser-guided Vallerani machine) and runoff strips in two communities of Jordan Badia

(...) In the two communities of Mharib and AlMajidyya
micro-catchment water harvesting techniques, like contour
ridges and furrows, runoff strips and bunds were designed
and established. Vallerani machine, a plow with a hydraulic
arm for intermittent pit excavation along the natural
contour of the slope, was used for excavating furrows. 


 
Scientific research led to a low-cost Contour Laser Guiding
(CLG) system, based on GPS guidance technology, which was
adapted and implemented to the Vallerani unit. For the
sustainability of the project, communities were actively
engaged and they agreed not to graze the newly planted
shrub for at least two years after planting, a time needed for
the establishment of drought tolerant Atriplex species as a
source of fodder shrubs. This system reduced the pressure on
rangelands and also provided sources of nutritious feed
from the drought tolerant Atriplex species.
Laser guiding GPS-based system that allows the Vallerani
unit to excavate contour lines without costly topographic
work Field of Vallerani contour bunds after construction.


 
http://www.icarda.org/sites/default/files/u158/Science%20Impact%20Vallerani%20Badia_final.pdf

AGRICULTURE EN PALESTINE - AGRICULTURE IN PALESTINE - الزراعة في فلسطين

Un dossier consacré à l'agriculture en Palestine.

LE SECTEUR DU PALMIER-DATTIER

L'or caché de Palestine - YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZL0PiFyIV3g
10 mai 2016 - Ajouté par MA'AN Center

samedi 21 mai 2016

Tipaza, décharge d'ordures ménagères dans le complexe touristique.

DECHARGES D'ORDURES MENAGERES EN ALGERIE, PRIVILEGIER LE RECYCLAGE ET LE COMPOST
Chacun d'entre nous peut développer des initiatives dans son quartier.


Résistance citoyenne : des agriculteurs défendent leurs terres contre une décharge dangereuse
ALGERIE6focus mai 9, 2016
C’est l’histoire d’une résistance citoyenne. A 450 Km d’Alger, aux fins fonds de l’Algérie profonde, des agriculteurs se mobilisent pour défendre leurs terres contre l’installation d’une décharge publique qui va tout ravager sur son passage.Le Wali de Mostaganem, Temmar Abdelwahid, est interpelé par les citoyens pour rétablir la justice.Nous sommes partis à leur rencontre

algerie-focus.COM | Facebook

https://www.facebook.com/113884792001613/videos/1095106497212766/



Vidéo. Complexe touristique de Tipaza transformé en dépotoir/L ...

www.algerie-focus.com/.../video-complexe-touristique-de-tipaza-tr...
Il y a 14 heures - Amar Adjili, l'internaute qui a filmé la triste décadence du complexe touristique de Matarès a été agressé ce samedi par les vigiles de ce village ...

DES SOLUTIONS, REALISER LE COMPOSTAGE DES BIODECHETS...



 Le compostage individuel : les règles d'or - YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uhq5hKXXTak
15 févr. 2013 - Ajouté par Le SYBERT
Le SYBERT vous apprend en quelques minutes les trois règles d'or pour obtenir un bon compost à Besançon et ...

vendredi 20 mai 2016

ااستخدام الطين ل تحسين خصوبة التربة الرملية . على سبيل المثال الأسترالي

 

الجزائر . استخدام الطين ل تحسين خصوبة التربة الرملية . على سبيل المثال الأسترالي.  

  في الجزائر ، هناك ال جعل الطين . في أستراليا هذا الحل هو شائع . فإنه يمكن مضاعفة الغلة التي تم الحصول عليهاتربة الرملية . هذا هو الحال في

لجنوب و في مستغانم . هذه التربة خصبة جدا . أنها لا تصمد. أنها لا تقيم و الأسمدة . الحل هو
 
توجد طريقتين . الأول هو لجلب الطين . هذا الطين هو التربة من حقل آخر . في بعض الحالات ، تحت السطح ، قد يكون هناك طبقات من الطين . عمق هذه الطبقات قد تكون عدة أمتار . يتم استخراج الطين باستخدام الجرافات . ثم يتم إجراء الطين على التربة الرملية .
يوجد حل آخر . في بعض الأحيان في طبقة الرمال طبقة من الطين . في هذه الحالة ، الحرث العميق يمكن ارجاعه كتل من الطين إلى السطح. ويمكن تحقيق ذلك الحرث العميق باستخدام القرص العتاد أو الأسنان .

 

Overcoming production constraints through clay spreading ... - YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TyW2_Ee2NiQ

jeudi 19 mai 2016

AJOUTER DE L'ARGILE AUX SOLS SABLEUX? Addition of clay to sandy soils.

Un livre très intéressant sur une expérience australienne: apporter de l'argile aux sols sableux. Deux métodes:
-épandre de l'argile sur le sable de surface
-remonter l'argile située en profondeur sous le sable.

Spread, delve, spade, invert a best practice guide to the addition of clay to sandy soils


GCTV19: Clay spreading research uncovers keys to ... - YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JqFyJJMi_dA
Il y a 5 jours - Ajouté par theGRDC

INTRODUCTION
Follow the rules to improve sandy soils with clay


Photo:  Engin à dent pour remonter de l'argile du sol-mère.

Photo: Aspect de la surface après passage d'un engin à dents.

Across Western and South Australia there are many millions of hectares of deep sand or sand over clay-rich subsoils that are used for agricultural production. However, these sandy soils present a range of challenges due to their poor water holding capacity, inherent low fertility, extremes of pH, low levels of microbial activity and vulnerability to wind erosion. In addition, many sandy soils are non-wetting, which causes uneven germination resulting in poor weed control, low levels of soil cover and reduced productivity . Sands and loamy sand soils have less than five per cent clay content. As clay protects organic material from decomposition these soils are also low in organic carbon. Raising the clay content changes the soil texture class, which increases the capacity for the soil to store water (Table 1 page 6), nutrients and soil organic carbon. Experience has found that it is feasible and profitable to raise the percentage of clay in the soil to above five per cent. For example, adding 200t/ha of soil containing 30 per cent clay would raise the clay content in the topsoil from 0.5 to about five per cent, if incorporated to 10cm. Provided that appropriate methods are followed, remediating sandy soils with clay-rich subsoil can result in substantial yield improvements. Trials in WA and SA have reported yield improvements of 20 to 130 per cent across cereal, lupin and canola crops in the years following clay additions. However, achieving the correct rate of clay addition and understanding the chemical nature of the clay-rich subsoil to be used is vital, if the process is to be successful. The depth to clay-rich subsoil determines which method of clay addition is most appropriate. Deep sands can only be addressed through spreading of clay-rich subsoil excavated from a pit, spread across the soil surface and then incorporated. Sand over clay soils (Duplex soils, Figure 1) offer the potential to provide a source of clay that can be incorporated in the upper sandy horizons. Clay at between 30 and 60cm can be brought to the surface by delving. Where clay is less than 30cm below the surface a rotary spader or possibly a mouldboard plough can be used to lift and incorporate the clay in the topsoil. Adding clay is relatively expensive and time consuming and if done incorrectly can result in negative effects that are difficult to reverse. Consequently, detailed planning of each stage of the process and following best practice is essential. Drawing together over 30 years of research and grower experience, this publication answers the key questions that must be addressed for a successful claying program to be achieved.


Photo: Extraction d'argile.
Photo: Epandage d'argile.

Case study one Spader man a pioneer Delving plus spading to mix clay has boosted grain yield dramatically on Roger Groocock’s farm in southeast South Australia. Felicity Pritchard

Roger Groocock’s entire property has been delved or clay spread to eliminate non-wetting properties. Improved incorporation using a spader is the latest development in his on-going soil improvement program.


FARM DETAILS Grower: Roger Groocock Location: Bordertown, South Australia Average annual rainfall: 450mm Farm size: 1400ha, 950ha cropped area and 450ha pasture. Enterprises: mixed farming with sheep Soil types: bleached loamy sand over a brown mottled clay Area clayed: the whole farm has been treated one way or the other; now just fine tuning small areas in paddocks or spading previously spread areas. Claying history Clay spreading began in the early 1990s and delving began on more shallow sands in 1993. Clays were mixed with a home-built ‘Alabama’ machine that was replaced with a spader in 2005. Spading is continuing on the property.

Roger Groocock is one of Australia’s clay spreading pioneers. In the early 1990s, Roger and his peers in the Bordertown Landcare group did all they could to overcome the scourge of non-wetting sands that were afflicting their farms. Capeweed and silvergrass dominated pastures on deep sands, while crop rotation options were unsustainable on the shallow sands, the ‘good country’. While minimum tillage and no-till with full stubble retention were tested, these did nothing to alleviate water repellence. Eventually they hit the jackpot by spreading clay over sand, after learning of this techniques success on Clem Obst’s farm. “We recognised the benefits as soon as we did the clay spreading,” says Roger, who was group leader at the time. Clay was not spread on paddocks with shallower sands, as these were considered most productive and ideal for subclover pasture. However, once continuous cropping was adopted, water repellence became an ever-increasing issue. This was due to waxes, created from the breakdown of extra organic matter produced by cereals, coating the sand particles. Wax levels after lucerne, phalaris and annual ryegrass were quite bad as well. Realising water repellence was actually worsening with cropping, the group decided to test ripping-up the clay-rich subsoil.
The idea of delving the clay-rich subsoil was initiated by former CSIRO soil scientist Dr Bob Fawcett, after he visited a soil pit on Roger’s property. Armed with this idea and information gleaned from a water repellence workshop Roger attended in Western Australia in 1993, trials were undertaken using a trench digger to 60cm depth and 1.2m spacing. They found water repellence did not return on the delved shallow sands. Funding for the Landcare project (Operation Finetune) enabled the first clay delver to be built by University of South Australia in 1994. “Very quickly, contractors and farmers recognised the opportunity to amend soils by delving. Within three years, it really took-off in this district,” says Roger. In 1997, Roger decided more spreading was needed on his farm. He bought a Lehman scraper to extend the area of clay spreading further down the sand hills. The expense was covered by the uplift in productivity brought about by clay spreading. Roger began contract clay spreading for an additional income stream. Roger’s entire property has now been delved or clay spread, with some paddocks spread twice where light rates were used. Clay spreading took place on sands deeper than 40cm, while delving was used for shallow sands over clay. He has since sold his Lehman scraper but Roger still owns a small delver. In early days, nearly all his country was delved with the small delver. In the last five years, Roger has used contractors to delve in areas with clay too deep for his small delver.
Deep incorporation Roger built his own clay mixing ‘Alabama’ machine, in 1993. This created furrows about 25cm deep using V-shaped shares to mix both the spread and delved clay. A spray nozzle, mounted 30cm behind each shank and 30cm above the soil, was added to spray trace elements into the furrow. After levelling the trace elements would be located between 7.5 and 20cm deep. Liquid copper, zinc and manganese sulphate were applied at 2.5kg/ha of each element to the whole paddock. A 4.5m wide railway line was dragged behind the ‘Alabama’ to level soil. Roger continues to push the boundaries of soil manipulation. In 2007, he was awarded a Churchill Fellowship and travelled to the Netherlands to research spaders. He had learnt of their existence from his Dutch farm worker, who said they were better than the ‘Alabama’ machine. These digging machines thoroughly mix soil to incorporate clay or other materials to a depth of about 30cm. He was so impressed with the results that he imported the first spader into Australia, to replace the ‘Alabama’ clay mixer. Farmax, a producer of spaders, then offered Roger the Australian agency for their machines. Roger is in the process of spading all his delved and clay spread paddocks. After three years experience, he finds thebenefits are clear. Grain and pasture yields after thorough deep mixing have increased by 70 to 80 per cent on delved paddocks. Before delving wheat yields were about 2.2t/ha now they average 3.8/ha. On clay spread areas following spading yields have doubled from 1.8 to 3.6t/ha. These paddocks can now support a more intensive crop rotation. Roger has been fortunate, not all growers achieve such startling results from clay spreading. According to Roger, it is essential to know details of the soil profile before embarking on clay spreading or delving. “With experience, we found we can use any clay on our farm. Some farmers have had trouble with high magnesium, chloride, carbonates or low pH in their clay,” says Roger.
Types and rates The top 30cm of Roger’s clay-rich subsoil are sodic, however he considers these fine for spreading as the sodicity is readily ameliorated with gypsum. The subsoil below that layer has a higher calcium carbonate content, so rates are reduced. The clay-rich subsoil’s pH (in water) ranges from 6.8 to 9.7. After delving or spreading clay, the topsoil pH is increased from about pH5.5 to ph6.5 to 7.5. Reducing topsoil acidity benefits crop growth and nutrient availability. In the district most clay spreading and delving is undertaken after harvest. However, Roger has delved mostly in spring and spread clay in autumn, the optimal time. The spader allows more flexibility in the timing of these operations, although summer is not ideal due to the risk of erosion.
Liquid trace elements are sprayed on the surface before incorporating the clay-rich subsoil with the spader. In the early days, Roger engaged contractors to spread on sandhills 200 to 250t/ha of clay-rich subsoil, which comprised of 35 to 40 per cent clay. This was fully incorporated to 10cm. The clay was removed from strategic points to create dams or water courses in low lying areas. Finding his clays were ‘friendly’, free from major toxic elements, Roger decided to test heavier rates with deeper incorporation. Rates were doubled (400 to 500t/ha) as was the incorporation depth (20cm) resulting in the same clay percentage as the lower rate but distributed through a large volume of soil. “About five per cent clay is adequate for long-term amelioration of water repellence. So, provided we have no more than five per cent clay, we are unlikely to create problems; the deeper we have mixed the clay, the lower the haying-off effect has been,”
Method Roger now believes it is only worthwhile delving soil where the clay-rich subsoil is less than 30cm from the surface. When delving with a 1 to 1.5m tyne spacing, he has found his soil is disturbed up to 90cm deep depending on depth to clay. Clay clods (football-sized or bigger) are brought to the surface. Delved soil is initially left to dry, allowing clods to break down with weathering over summer. The ground is then levelled (smudged) with a scarifier or levelling bars. Trace elements are now sprayed before incorporating the clay-rich subsoil with the spader. Spading is carried out at between 35 and 55 degrees to the delver lines to improve clay mixing throughout the tyne inter-row area. The rotation on delved soil is canola, wheat then barley. He believes canola provides greatest root penetration of the deep ripped layer once hardpans are removed. Pulses have been difficult in the past, but on delved and spaded soil, beans can be profitable. Balansa clover is sometimes used in lieu of a pulse. Roger is always looking for a better rotation, for example he has tried growing fodder rape as a summer forage. The addition of nitrogen through legumes is a major benefit of Roger’s rotation.
On clay spread paddocks, Roger grows two cereal crops followed by long-term legume-based pasture for livestock. His aim is to raise soil organic matter levels. After spading old pastures, he returns to two years of crop then spades in all straw. While spading works to 40cm depth, it generally mixes soils and straw to 30cm. Three years in ten, a spring fodder rape crop has been sown pre-delving and used for finishing fat lambs through to March, then the area has been smudged and clay incorporated ready for a winter crop.
Benefits A number of benefits have come from claying his country, these combine to help improve yield. Root penetration has increased on delved paddocks, providing entry points for roots to access previously unavailable soil moisture, increasing water use efficiency. Sandy topsoils now have better structure, trafficability, and more nutrient and water holding capacity. Soil erosion from slopes is also lower. Weeds now germinate on the first rain providing better control with knockdown herbicides. Post-seeding weed control is better too, while less frost damage is another improvement. Roger has seen a significant improvement due to better nutrition. The introduction of clay to the topsoil helps retain the applied nutrients in the root zone. In nine out of 10 years Roger has covered the costs of delving and spreading after the first year. However, he knows owning his own machinery means his costs are less than the contract rate, for example $120/ha for delving. Roger remains an advocate of clay spreading and delving. His persistence, ingenuity and enthusiasm have led to a major change in practices and attitudes of farming sandy soils in the Mallee and beyond. “The interaction between soil scientists and farmers has been pivotal to the success of this soil amelioration process.” 
More details: Roger Groocock, 08 8754 6025 or 0427 546 025, grooks@internode.on.net

Photo: L'extraction d'argile permet de créer une retenue d'eau.

dimanche 15 mai 2016

كيفية تحويل حفر القمح . كيفية الحصول على الحفر البذر المباشر


كيفية تحويل حفر القمح . كيفية الحصول على الحفر البذر المباشر

Machinery Modification Case Study
September 2007 Rural Directions Pty Ltd

[ Un article en langue anglaise qui montre comment des céréaliers australiens ont modifiés leurs semoir conventionnel en semoir pour semis direct. On peut retrouver l'intégralité de l'article sur le lien ci-dessous. Djamel BELAID]
http://www.santfa.com.au/wp-content/uploads/Machinery-Modification-SANTFA-Journal-version.pdf
PO Box 646 CLARE SA 5453 Tel:08 8842 1103 Fax:08 8842 1766 Email:predden@ruraldirections.com Web:www.ruraldirections.com AFS Licence No: 221556

Getting into No-Till at Minimal cost - Machinery Modification
Patrick Redden, Rural Directions Pty Ltd
A focus of the Community FarmlinkX
Project is to identify ways that growers can take on no-till with minimal capital expenditure. Modification of existing seeding equipment was one strategy identified. As a consequence three growers who have modified seeding equipment were interviewed and the following case studies developed.

Converted Combine – Stuart Roennfeldt, Greenock
Farm consultant, Stuart Roennfeldt runs his family farm at Greenock in the Barossa Valley in between providing consultancy services to broadacre farming clients throughout the mid and lower north. The property combines vineyards and cropping, with approximately 300 hectares cropped to wheat, barley, canola, peas, and beans.
Stuart was keen to adopt no-till on his farm having seen the benefits through his consulting work, but could not justify a high capital outlay on a specialised seeder for his small cropping program.
“We don’t need a big machine for the area we crop, so it didn’t make sense to have large capital tied up in seeding equipment. So we went for a modified combine that could no-till without costing a lot,” Stuart said.
Stuart was able to find a combine which had been converted for no-till by Steve Wicks, a farmer from Yacka.
“It is basically a Napier Grasslands 423 trash seeder which has had the seed box raised, and been fitted with 12mm maxi-point knife points and press wheels”, Stuart said.
“The row spacing has been widened to 8¼ inches, and points are fitted with round trash guards to improve stubble flow”.
“Some straw is baled for use in the vineyard which assists with trash management” Stuart added.
Walking press wheels are bolted on to the back of the combine frame “There are also walking press wheels fitted on the back of the combine - These provide even seed depth, and help with moisture harvesting from the furrow”, Stuart said.
“The frame of the combine handles the extra weight without any troubles,” he added.
The property has a range of soil types, with some hilly country that can be subject to erosion. Stuart is confident that maintaining stubble and using no-till has helped to mitigate this risk.
“Tine breakout is not a problem”, according to Stuart.
“Even on some of our rocky slopes we seem to have high enough breakout to handle it without too many problems.”
Stuart has no plans to change his seeding equipment in the near future, and is happy with how the system is working.
“Having a modified seeder for no-till fits in well with our business - it has allowed us to gain the benefits of no-till farming without overcapitalising on machinery for our relatively small cropping program.” 

Build it Yourself – Chris White, Manoora
As a former engineer, it is no surprise Manoora farmer, Chris White decided to build himself an air-seeder. After returning to the family farm, Chris decided it was time to upgrade tillage practices and the seeding system.
“We have some pretty heavy black soils which can be hard to get on when wet, so no-till seemed the logical way to go for trafficability,” Chris said.
Rather than buying an expensive machine, Chris opted to modify a cultivator bar. “I had an old cultivator bar which was no longer required, so I mounted high breakout tines, and Agpoint sowing boots and knife points”, according to Chris.
“The tine layout was reworked to 9 inch row spacing, and semi-pneumatic press wheels were fitted in gangs to the back of the seeder,” he added Some changes were also made to the air cart, with secondary heads and the venturi upgraded to increase seed and fertiliser throughput.
Chris has knife points and walking press wheels fitted to his seeder bar After some trial runs prior to seeding, the new no-till setup was used for the 2005 season with good results, according to Chris.
“Like any new equipment it took a little while to get it setup right, but since then we have had excellent germination”, Chris said.
“The time saved from not working up has been well worth the $20,000 or so it took to build the seeder.”
The farm runs merino sheep, with around 330 hectares cropped each year. Chris said there have also been benefits for the livestock enterprise from no-till.
“Not working our paddocks means we have extra grazing out of stubbles prior to seeding.”
As for modifying versus buying machinery, in Chris’ opinion “The size of our cropping program did not justify massive outlays on machinery”.
“By building it myself we were able to access the benefits of no-till without breaking the bank!”

Making the Change – Phillip Winchester, Sheaoak Log
Going no-till has been on the agenda for some time now at LXL Pty Ltd, a farm cropping nearly 900 hectares at Sheaoak Log.
According to farm manager Phillip Winchester “We have been minimum tilling for some time now with good results, but this year wanted to go a step further and direct drill the whole farm”.
“Beans have always been direct drilled”, Phil said, “so why not do the cereals as well?”
When the property purchased a new bar, Phil made sure that there was flexibility to adapt the machine for no-till.
“We bought a Case 4300 bar with 350lb breakout Flexicoil tines 3 years ago”. “One of the reasons we went for this machine was that we could widen row spacing and convert to no-till” said Phil.
The bar was originally setup on 6 ¾ inch row spacing, but this season was converted to 9 inch, reducing the number of tines from 67 to 49. The hopper system was all ready setup for double shooting, and with fertiliser going safely below the seed there was no need to pre-drill any nitrogen.
12mm knife points are used on flexicoil tines The wider row spacing meant that all pre-emergent herbicides could be incorporated by sowing, and high rates of trifluralin could be used without compromising crop safety. This also meant less time in the tractor, as there was no need for prickle chaining to incorporate soil applied herbicides.
Last year’s dry season meant that moisture was at a premium for growing crops. This, together with rising fuel and labour costs, prompted the move to direct drilling. “We saved more than 55% in tractor diesel compared with doing one working last year.” Phil said “There was also one less labour unit required at sowing, which saved more costs,” Phil noted.
Phil costed out buying a new machine, versus converting the existing one with or without press wheels. He decided to convert the existing bar, but not to fit it with press wheels in the interim, as this was the most cost effective. According to Phil it took two men three days to convert the bar.
“The time saved from the reduced labour requirements during seeding easily made up for the time spent on converting the machine,” Phil said.
A regular attendee at SANTFA conferences, Phil was happy he decided against buying a new bar. “Modifying the equipment has been a good way to get into no-till without breaking the bank’, Phil said.
“We will keep refining the system over the next few seasons - I would like to work deeper still below the seed to help with root disease, and we will look at press wheels and other closing devices,” He added.
Photo : Widening the row spacing on his existing bar enabled Phil Winchester to direct drill

lundi 2 mai 2016

CEREALES: MAITRISE DE LA PROFONDEUR DE SEMIS

Comment maitriser la profondeur de semis?

Une vidéo intéressante.
Nous reviendrons sur ce sujet.

Planter-Like Depth Control in a Grain Drill - Kuhn Krause ... - YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Byqos3plUcE
 Photo: Peuplement pied et profondeur de semis.
Photo: Rendement et profondeur de semis.

FOURRAGE TUNISIE: DE L'AVOINE SEMEE DANS LA LUZERNE - LUCIEN SEGUY CIRAD

Le semis direct permet des techniques nouvelles pour produire plus de fourrages sur une même parcelle avec ou sans irrigation. Voyons ces trois photos prises en Tunisie par Mr Lucien SEGUY du Cirad (France).

Photo: Octobre 2001, semis-direct de l'avoine sur luzerne vivante en exploitation, juste après la dernière coupe.


Photo: Décembre 2001, Levée de l'avoine dans la luzerne en repos hivernal.

Photo: Mars 2002, coupe d'avoine pour ensilage de 16 tonnes/hectare de MS pour laisser place à l'exploitation estivale de la luzerne.

ALGERIE: 2 RECOLTES DE FOURRAGE PAR AN. C'EST POSSIBLE.

 COMME EN AUSTRALIE, FAIRE DEUX RECOLTES PAR AN?
Djamel Belaid 2/05/2016

Nous proposons un article sur une pratique en Australie. En Algérie, les potentialités du sol ne sont pas exploitées à fond. La preuve: la poursuite de la jachère. Mais même dans le cas d'exploitation avec zéro jachère, il reste du potentiel.
Comment exploiter ce potentiel? En faisant deux récoltes par an sans irriguer.Nous avions déjà aborder ce thème dans un précédent article. Un jeune australien explique comment faire. Nous prenons l'exemple de ce pays car du point de vue climatique, certaines régions ressemblent à celles d'Algérie.
- ce jeune fermier utilise le semis-direct, condition indispensable à un semis rapide,
- après la récolte d'une céréale ou de colza, il sème immédiatement du sorgho,
- le semis-direct sur blé permet d'emmagasiner plus d'eau et celle-ci reste en partie disponible pour le fourrage d'été (cela sur des sols profonds à bonne RFU),
- le semis de sorgho est réalisé tout de suite après un orage d'été,
- il s'agit d'un semis d'opportunité (une quantité de semence est toujours prête), le semis est réalisé s'il y a un orage.
Nous pensons que cela est possible en Algérie. Il faut choisir de bonnes parcelles, posséder un semoir pour semis-direct et tout faire pour maintenir l'humidité du sol: politique régulière d'apport de fumier, laisser si possible les chaumes (ou mieux la paille au sol en la broyant).
En Algérie, en septembre ou en juin, des opportunités d'installation de cultures sont possibles:
-septembre: colza fourrager pour pâturage,
-mai-juin, installation de sorgho. Evidemment dans ce cas, il faut libérer le sol le plus vite possible. L'idéal est d'installer par semis-direct un sorgho derrière un foin ou un ensilage de vesce-avoine récolté tôt.


nb: l'article est en anglais. Nous nous proposons de la traduire en français puis en arabe .

Photo: On distingue la moissonneuse-batteuse, l'opération de confection des bottes de paille et tout de suite derrière le semis de maïs (Ex URSS).

AUSTRALIE: MIXED FARMS TAKING ADVANTAGE OF ZERO TILL
SARAH JOHNSON 254-256 SANTFA The Cutting Edge WINTER 2012


Photo: Using a disc seeder to sow summer forage crops can have many benefi ts for farmers with livestock, says disc seeding contractor Nathan Craig.

Disc seeders give farmers the flexibility to move between crops and pastures with very little disturbance, according to Nathan Craig. “I can see there are advantages to having livestock and cropping together. The disc seeder gives you a lot more options because it doesn’t disrupt the soil and you can over-sow to boost production,” said Nathan, a Victorian farmer and seeding contractor.
Since the Craig family sold their 1,465 ha farm, near Apsley, across the border from Naracoorte, in 2009, Nathan has developed a contracting business that sows up to 5,000 ha each year. Many of his clients successfully combine livestock and cropping.

 If you get rain during harvest you can sow sorghum
Nathan uses a disc seeder that provides good seed placement and germination in ‘crab-hole’ country, improves the ability of young crops to access to soil moistureand opens the way for planting summer crops to provide extra feed for stock.
The Craigs were experimenting with summer crops for several years before they sold their property and bought a disc seeder the year before they sold. “Even though it was dry during the 2000s we were starting to double crop and grew some really good summer crops,” said Nathan.
“With a disc seeder you can just go straight in behind the header because you don’t have to worry about handling the stubble. You can bowl straight through. “If you get rain during harvest you can sow sorghum into harvested paddocks while you’re waiting for the remaining crops to dry enough to harvest. Ten weeks later, in March or April, you’ve got green feed for your sheep, right when you need it.”
This was exactly what he did on a property he was managing in 2010, when 73 mm of rain fell while Nathan was harvesting canola. “The header was still in the paddock and we had a few days ahead of us waiting for the country to dry out. We sowed the harvested canola paddocks to sorghum.
“We used sorghum because the root systems go up to a metre deep and you can sow it up to 50 mm deep, which improves the chance of achieving a reliable germination.
“By the time we finished harvesting that lock of land we had sorghum out of the ground. It wasn’t a fantastic-looking crop because that was the only rainfall we had that summer, but we still had sorghum 60 cm high to put the lambs on in autumn.
“Other farmers didn’t get a summer crop because they waited four or five days after the rain and the soil had dried off too much.
“In an area where the canola was washed out in winter the sorghum was 2.5 m tall because of the extra soil moisture, which showed it would be possible to grow some pretty amazing summer forage crops if we were prepared to treat them as the main crop rather than an opportunity crop.

“From what I’ve
seen, if you grow a sorghum crop then
go into wheat thenext year you’ll get
three quarters of atonne to the hectare
higher yield,”

This made us think more about how to use this in rotation and to feed livestock. We’ve never had this response in summer grain crops.”For summer forage opportunity crops Nathan advocates a speedy transition from header to seeder following a harvest rain to make use of the available moisture.
“I would either have half a tonne of seed on hand, especially if I saw a rain coming, or I’d make sure the supplier had a bit of sorghum seed with my name on it,” he said. “I’d have everything set up and would be out sowing while the sappy moisture was still there.

No till,  more moisture deeper into the soil.
“If our sandy loam got 25 mm of rain it would wet the soil to 30 cm but that moisture evaporates unless we grow something with it. It is critical to know how your soils wet up, as every paddock is different. No-till paddocks are definitely better for double cropping as they let more moisture deeper into the soil.”
He found planting sorghum as a summer crop also conditioned the soil, leading to
increased yields from wheat crops the following season.
“From what I’ve seen, if you grow a sorghum crop then go into wheat the next year you’ll get three quarters of a tonne to the hectare higher yield,” he said. “Even though the summer crop takes moisture out, there’s a synergistic effect that helps grow a better crop.
“Over summer the sorghum roots penetrate about a metre through the heavy clay. The paddock where I sowed the sorghum in 2010 had a duplex soil; 30 cm of lighter sand on top and 30 cm of heavy clay below that. “Water doesn’t get through the clay very quickly, so we had a lot of waterlogging in the top 30 cm. The sorghum used that moisture to germinate then pushed its roots through the clay layer to access moisture from the subsoil. The roots of the following wheat crop followed the path of the sorghum and lived on the nutrients and moisture that they left behind.
“This was before we had the disc seeder and the results blew me away. I thought ‘we’ve got to do this properly with a disc seeder’. The disc seeder allows you to retain more moisture for the summer crops because you can seed into the stubble with almost no soil disturbance.”

Adding millet to a sorghum crop improves weed control
He has since found that adding millet to a sorghum crop improves weed control. In the wet summer of 2011 he sowed a mixture of millet and sorghum that grew more than two metres tall and produced about 3 t/ha of grain. The crop was harvested in mid April and he sowed the paddock to wheat the next day.
“The rest of the farm had two summer sprays – a knock-down and a pre-emergence spray – to prepare for wheat. We sowed straight into the millet and sorghum paddock, which had stubble a metre high and no summer weed, wire weed or ryegrass.
“The tall summer crop shaded the ground and out-competed the summer weeds. The millet roots bound the soil up so there was no room for more weed roots. “It was an out-of-control paddock the year before, full of ryegrass, which is why we sprayed it out and planted the summer crop. It was nearly clean after the sorghumand millet.
“Some ryegrass came up in the wheat crop and we went in eight weeks later with a post-emergence herbicide, just because I wanted to tidy it up. That was the only
weed control for that paddock for the whole year.
“I spent $50/ha on chemical for the rest of the farm trying to keep it clean.” The roots of the millet and sorghum also improved trafficability.
“A lot of our country was waterlogged because of the wet summer that year and I had to stop sowing the rest of the farm because I was leaving awful, deep tracks and nearly getting bogged. In fact I nearly got bogged on the sand hills driving across to the millet and sorghum paddock, but once I got into that paddock, I only needed two-wheel drive and had zero wheel slip. “The soil was full of millet and sorghum roots, which were holding the soil together.
“It was a real eye opener to get down in that paddock, where I would normally have got bogged in those conditions, and find the soil had the strength to support the machinery due to the root structure.”

No-till paddocks are definitely 
better for double cropping as they let more
 moisture deeper into the soil ».